Growing

Companion planting, soil building, permaculture, food forests, and propagation techniques.

Growing Cheatsheet

Quick-reference best practices for growing food, building soil, and designing productive gardens.

The entries

Go deeper

48 articles
A balcony with mixed vegetables, herbs and a dwarf fruit tree in large containers
061
Growing

Container Growing: Productive Gardens Without Ground

Why pots dry out and starve, how to build a growing medium that lasts, and what genuinely produces on a balcony or hard yard.

Jul 2026Read →
A mature espaliered pear with horizontal tiers trained against a brick wall
091
Growing

Espalier and Training: Fruit in Two Dimensions

Cordons, fans, and espaliers — how trained forms fit a full crop into no ground space, ripen earlier, and make everything easier to reach.

Jul 2026Read →
Fleece draped over young vegetable rows on a frosty morning with cloches beyond
102
Growing

Frost Protection and Season Extension

Frost pockets, radiation versus advection frost, and the cloches, fleece, and thermal mass that buy weeks at each end of the season.

Jul 2026Read →
A whip and tongue graft bound with tape, cambium layers aligned
110
Growing

Grafting and Rootstocks: Choosing the Tree Beneath the Tree

Why every orchard apple is two plants, how rootstock decides final size and soil tolerance, and the four grafts worth learning.

Jul 2026Read →
Apples laid out in slatted wooden trays and cured onions hanging in a cool store
118
Growing

Harvest and Storage: Keeping What You Grew

Picking at the right stage, curing what needs curing, and the four storage conditions that decide whether a crop lasts a week or eight months.

Jul 2026Read →
Bundles of bare-root whips beside containerised trees at a nursery
193
Growing

Nursery Stock: Choosing Trees That Will Actually Establish

Bare-root against containerised, why smaller trees overtake bigger ones, and the root defects that condemn a tree before it leaves the nursery.

Jul 2026Read →
Interveinal chlorosis on young leaves showing green veins against yellow tissue
195
Growing

Nutrient Deficiency: Reading the Leaves

Diagnosing hunger from where the symptom appears, why mobile and immobile nutrients fail differently, and why the cause is usually not a missing nutrient.

Jul 2026Read →
A hand-drawn property design showing concentric zones and sector arrows
211
Growing

Permaculture Design: Zones, Sectors, and the Principles Behind Them

The design framework itself — zones by visit frequency, sectors for incoming energies, and why the principles are a checklist rather than a philosophy.

Jul 2026Read →
A soil pH test showing a colour reading against a comparison chart in the field
274
Growing

Soil pH: The Dial That Controls Everything Else

Why pH decides which nutrients a plant can reach, how to raise and lower it realistically, and when to stop fighting it and change the planting.

Jul 2026Read →
A dense syntropic planting line with banana, cassava and young timber trees at different heights
300
Growing

Syntropic Agriculture: Farming by Accelerating Succession

Ernst Götsch's system of dense stratified planting and heavy pruning, where the chainsaw is a fertility tool and succession is the crop rotation.

Jul 2026Read →
Well-maintained hand tools with a sharpening stone, oil and secateurs on a bench
308
Growing

Tool Care and Safety: Sharp Edges and Falling Timber

Why a sharp tool is the safe one, hygiene between cuts, and an honest account of what chainsaw and felling work actually requires.

Jul 2026Read →
A young bare-root tree being planted with the root flare level with the surrounding soil
312
Growing

Planting a Tree: The First Hour Decides the First Decade

Hole preparation, root flare depth, backfill, watering in, and the staking mistakes that kill more young trees than drought ever does.

Jul 2026Read →
Mixed annual weeds colonising a patch of disturbed bare soil
325
Growing

Weeds: Read Them First, Then Manage Them

What weeds tell you about your soil, how the seed bank actually works, and the timing-based methods that beat pulling things up by hand.

Jul 2026Read →
An old apple tree with mossy bark, freshly pruned of dead wood, sunlight reaching through the opened canopy
002
Growing

Aged Orchard Rejuvenation: The Five-Year Return

How to bring a neglected fruit orchard back to bearing without killing the trees. A five-year plan built on patience, sharp tools, and the 25 percent rule.

Jun 2026Read →
A mature food forest in late summer with dappled light through the canopy, fruit trees overhead, and currants and herbs at the understory
101
Growing

Food Forest Maintenance: Stewarding a System That Outlives You

After year five the food forest is a young woodland. The work shifts from planting to canopy, succession, and learning when to leave things alone.

Jun 2026Read →
A spade lifting a clod of dark crumbly loam threaded with earthworms and fine roots from a field margin
158
Growing

Long-Term Soil Care: A Decade-Scale Approach to Living Loam

Soil stewardship measured in decades. Organic matter targets, pH drift, earthworm counts, and the long arc from depleted plough field to living loam.

Jun 2026Read →
A gardener with a backpack sprayer treating fruit tree foliage at dusk in a small orchard
202
Growing

Organic Sprays: When to Reach for the Bottle

Neem, BT, kaolin, soap, oil, pyrethrin. What each one kills, what it spares, and why organic does not mean harmless.

Jun 2026Read →
A vegetable bed covered with white floating row cover supported by low hoops, edges buried in soil
245
Growing

Row Covers and Barriers: Don't Let Them Touch the Crop

The most reliable pest control is physical exclusion. Fabric, mesh, tape, and wraps that keep insects and rodents off the crop before any spray is needed.

Jun 2026Read →
A row of flowering nasturtiums planted at the edge of a vegetable bed, leaves crowded with black aphids
309
Growing

Trap Crops: Plant a Decoy, Save the Harvest

Pests have favorites. Plant the favorite at the edge, let them swarm it, then destroy the trap before the population builds.

Jun 2026Read →
A contour swale planted with fruit trees overflowing into a downhill vegetable garden
294
Growing

Swale to Garden: Passive Irrigation from the Landscape

Link rainwater swales to growing beds so the landscape waters your garden for you. The plumbing is gravity. The fuel is rain.

Jun 2026Read →
Pieces of porous black biochar held in an open palm above dark garden soil
026
Growing

Biochar: Ancient Carbon for Modern Soil

Charcoal made for soil, not fuel. How to make it, charge it, and apply it without stripping nutrients from your beds.

Nov 2025Read →
Freshly chopped comfrey leaves laid as mulch around the base of a young fruit tree
048
Growing

Chop and Drop: Mulch Where It Falls

Cut plant material and leave it in place. Free mulch, free fertility, and a closed nutrient loop that mimics how every forest feeds itself.

Nov 2025Read →
An aerated compost tea brewer with bubbles rising through dark liquid and a mesh bag of compost
057
Growing

Compost Tea: Liquid Biology for Your Soil

How to brew aerated compost extract to multiply beneficial microbes and apply them as a soil drench or foliar spray, with honest notes on the science.

Nov 2025Read →
Four raised beds in a garden each growing a different plant family for seasonal rotation
067
Growing

Crop Rotation: Breaking Pest and Disease Cycles

Move plant families through your beds on a three or four year cycle. Pests starve. Soil rebalances. Disease pressure drops without sprays.

Nov 2025Read →
A drip irrigation line delivering water slowly at the base of a tomato plant
076
Growing

Deep Watering: Stronger Roots, Less Water

Water deeply and rarely. Roots chase moisture down, and a garden that drinks once a week beats one sprinkled every evening.

Nov 2025Read →
Dark crumbly leaf mould held in open hands above a woodland garden bed
151
Growing

Leaf Mould: Forest Floor in a Bag

Collect autumn leaves and let fungi turn them into a dark, crumbly, moisture-holding mulch. The finest soil conditioner you can make for free.

Nov 2025Read →
Fine white mycorrhizal fungal hyphae threading through dark soil around plant roots
181
Growing

Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Underground Internet

How mycorrhizal fungi form partnerships with plant roots, extending their reach a hundredfold to transport water, nutrients, and chemical signals through an underground network.

Nov 2025Read →
A meadow of native wildflowers and grasses with bees and butterflies visiting the blooms
184
Growing

Native Plant Selection: Right Plant, Right Place

How locally adapted natives cut maintenance, feed wildlife, and build resilient landscapes, and when a non-native earns its place.

Nov 2025Read →
A person sitting quietly at the edge of a garden with a notebook, watching birds and insects among the plants
196
Growing

Observation First: Watch Before You Act

Why a full year of watching your land beats any intervention, and how patience lets biodiversity solve problems that spraying cannot.

Nov 2025Read →
An unglazed terracotta olla partially buried in garden soil with its neck exposed for filling
199
Growing

Ollas: Ancient Clay Pot Irrigation

Bury unglazed clay pots near your plants and water seeps out to roots on demand, cutting water use by 50 to 70 percent.

Nov 2025Read →
A mature fruit tree laden with apples surrounded by established berry bushes and perennial herbs
210
Growing

Perennials First: Plant Once, Harvest for Decades

Why the smartest long-term investment in any garden or homestead is to prioritise fruit trees, berry bushes, and perennial crops that compound their productivity year after year.

Nov 2025Read →
A diverse mixed planting of vegetables, herbs, and flowers growing together in a productive polyculture bed
219
Growing

Polyculture: Diversity as Pest Control

Mixed plantings beat monocultures on pests, soil, and resilience. Here is how to design diverse beds that actually work.

Nov 2025Read →
A propagation bench with trays of rooting cuttings and young plants in pots
226
Growing

Plant Propagation: Multiply Plants for Free

Cuttings, layering, grafting, and division. Turn one plant into dozens without spending a penny.

Nov 2025Read →
A gardener's planting calendar pinned to a greenhouse wall with seed packets arranged by season
253
Growing

Seasonal Planning: What to Plant When

How to build a planting calendar around frost dates, soil temperature, and day length, plus how to stretch the season with cloches, row cover, and cold frames.

Nov 2025Read →
A thick layer of straw mulch covering vegetable garden beds with healthy plants emerging through it
269
Growing

Soil Cover: Never Leave Ground Bare

Exposed soil loses life, moisture, and structure within hours. Mulch and living cover protect biology, hold water, and build fertility.

Nov 2025Read →
A soil sample being collected from a garden bed with a trowel into a labelled bag
275
Growing

Soil Testing: Know What You Have Before You Amend

Test pH, nutrients, and texture before amending. Guessing wastes money, stunts growth, and pollutes waterways downstream.

Nov 2025Read →
Garden beds showing lettuce at different growth stages from seedlings to mature heads
291
Growing

Succession Planting: Continuous Harvest All Season

Stagger sowings every two to three weeks and the harvest stops being a glut. It becomes a conveyor belt.

Nov 2025Read →
Corn stalks with bean vines climbing them and squash spreading below in a traditional mound planting
306
Growing

The Three Sisters: Corn, Beans, and Squash

Three plants, one mound. Corn for height, beans for nitrogen, squash for cover. A thousand years of Haudenosaunee farming distilled into a guild that still works.

Nov 2025Read →
Red wiggler worms working through dark organic bedding material in a worm bin
319
Growing

Vermiculture: Worm Farming for the Best Fertiliser on Earth

Worm castings, worm bins, and worm towers. The quiet engines that produce the richest natural fertiliser available.

Nov 2025Read →
Finished dark crumbly compost being turned from a wooden compost bin
058
Growing

Composting Methods: From Kitchen Scraps to Black Gold

Hot, cold, bokashi, vermicomposting, Berkeley. A practical guide to every composting method, matched to your space, time, and materials.

Nov 2025Read →
A thick stand of crimson clover cover crop in flower between garden beds
065
Growing

Cover Cropping: Green Manures That Build Soil

How sowing clover, vetch, rye, and other cover crops between seasons fixes nitrogen, prevents erosion, suppresses weeds, and feeds the soil food web.

Nov 2025Read →
Dried seed heads and labelled envelopes of saved garden seeds
256
Growing

Seed Saving: Grow Your Own Resilience

Collect, dry, and store seed from your best plants to build locally adapted varieties and break the annual seed catalogue habit.

Oct 2025Read →
A no-dig garden bed with compost layer and healthy vegetable plants
191
Growing

No-Dig Gardening: Feed the Top, Skip the Fork

Stop turning soil. Layer compost on the surface, let worms and fungi do the work, and grow healthier crops with less effort.

Oct 2025Read →
Close-up of bark beetle galleries visible under tree bark
136
Growing

Tree Pests: Identification, Prevention, and Natural Control

Identify and manage bark beetles, termites, and root grubs through integrated pest management, healthy soil, and natural predators.

Oct 2025Read →
Clean pruning cut on a fruit tree branch showing proper technique
227
Growing

Pruning Basics: When, Why, and How

A practical guide to pruning fruit, ornamental, and forest trees, covering timing, technique, and the biology behind every cut.

Oct 2025Read →
A mature food forest with fruit trees, berry bushes, and ground cover plants
100
Growing

Designing a Food Forest

How to stack seven layers of edible woodland that feeds you for decades while slowly shedding the chores of an annual garden.

Oct 2025Read →
Cross-section illustration of a hugelkultur mound with buried logs
132
Growing

Hugelkultur: Building Soil with Buried Wood

Hugelkultur mounds bury logs under soil to hold moisture, release nutrients slowly, and produce food for two decades or more.

Sep 2025Read →
A diverse garden bed with vegetables and flowers growing together
056
Growing

Companion Planting Guide

Which plants grow well together, which fight, and how to design beds that suppress pests and feed each other.

Aug 2025Read →