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Dyes, tannins and resins

Trees tapped and boiled for colour and chemistry — the dye that named a country, the wood that stains every microscope slide, the resin that wired the world.

Trees
  1. 01
    Logwood tree with feathery foliage and dark fluted trunk
    Trees2703 min

    Logwood: The Dye Tree That Colours Cells Under the Microscope

    A thorny Central American tree whose heartwood gave the world its great black and purple dye — fought over by pirates and empires — and still stains almost every microscope slide of human tissue examined today.

  2. 02
    Brazilwood tree with spiny bark and yellow flowers
    Trees0554 min

    Brazilwood: The Tree That Named a Country and Voices the Violin

    A red-dye tree so coveted it gave Brazil its name — and whose dense, resonant wood makes the finest violin bows in the world, a demand that has now driven the tree itself to the edge of extinction.

  3. 03
    Spiny red annatto seed pods split open to show the orange-red seeds
    Trees0143 min

    Annatto: The Lipstick Tree That Colours Your Cheese

    A small tropical tree whose spiny red pods are packed with seeds coated in a vivid orange dye — the body paint of Amazonian peoples, the natural colouring of cheddar, butter, and rice, and the original 'lipstick'.

  4. 04
    Quebracho tree with a gnarled trunk in the dry Gran Chaco forest
    Trees3763 min

    Quebracho: The Axe-Breaker That Tanned the World's Leather

    A South American tree whose name means 'axe-breaker' — with wood so hard and dense it sinks, and a bark and heartwood so rich in tannin they tanned much of the world's leather, at the cost of a vanishing forest.

  5. 05
    Ripe brown chebulic myrobalan fruits on the tree
    Trees3073 min

    Myrobalan: The 'King of Medicines' and the Ink of Empires

    The chebulic myrobalan — a Terminalia fruit revered in Ayurveda as the greatest of all herbs, one of the three in triphala, and a tannin so rich it dyed cloth, tanned leather, and made ink for a thousand years.

  6. 06
    Catechu tree with feathery foliage and pale flower spikes
    Trees0713 min

    Catechu: The Thorny Acacia in Every Betel Quid

    A thorny Asian acacia boiled down to 'cutch' — the astringent brown extract that reddens the betel quid chewed by hundreds of millions, tanned leather, dyed khaki, and gave chemistry the word 'catechin'.

  7. 07
    Round brown genipap fruit on the tree among glossy leaves
    Trees1833 min

    Genipap: The Fruit That Paints the Skin Blue

    A tropical American tree whose green fruit yields a clear juice that turns deep blue-black on the skin — the body paint of Amazonian peoples, indelible for days, alongside a fruit made into drinks and preserves.

  8. 08
    Gutta-percha tree foliage with glossy leaves
    Trees2043 min

    Gutta-Percha: The Tree Latex That Wired the World

    A Southeast Asian tree whose tough, waterproof latex insulated the first undersea telegraph cables and connected the continents — and still fills root canals and cored the golf ball.

  9. 09
    A frankincense tree clinging to bare rock with peeling papery bark
    Trees1744 min

    Frankincense and Myrrh: The Resin Trees That Built an Ancient Economy

    Gnarled desert trees that seal their own wounds with fragrant gum — tapped for the incense that was once worth more than gold, and now threatened by the very tapping that made them famous.

  10. 10
    A dragon tree with its dense upturned-umbrella crown of stiff blue-green leaves
    Trees1364 min

    Dragon Tree: The Umbrella of Red-Sapped Branches

    An outlandish monocot 'tree' that bleeds red resin, grows by splitting into ever-more umbrella branches, lives for centuries on desert islands — and can barely reproduce in the wild anymore.